Patterns

Introduction

Patterns exist in nature (Dunes, Grand Canyon), art (Modern, Impressionism), science and mathematics (Fractals, Crystals) and Computer Science (Design Patterns).

Christopher Alexander says, Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice . Even though Alexander was talking about patterns in buildings and towns, what he says is true about object-oriented design patterns

Designing object-oriented software is hard, and designing reusable object-oriented software is even harder. Experienced object-oriented designers will tell you that a reusable and flexible design is difficult if not impossible to get "right" the first time. Before a design is finished, they usually try to reuse it several times, modifying it each time.

Computer Science Patterns (Design Patterns)

All well-structured systems are full of patterns. A pattern provides a common solution to a common problem in a given context. A mechanism is a design pattern that applies to a society of classes; a framework is typically an architectural pattern that provides an extensible template for applications within a domain.

Patterns are used to specify mechanisms and frameworks that shape the architecture of your system.

Classification

Design Pattern Sub-Design Pattern Fundamental Delegation Functional Interface Proxy Immutal Marker Interface Creational Abstract Factory Anonymous Subroutine Builder Factory Method Lazy initialization Prototype Singleton Structural Adapter Bridge Composite Container Decorator Extensibility Facade Flyweight Proxy Pipes and Filters Private Class	Design Pattern Sub-Design Pattern Behavioral Chain of responsibility Command Event listener Interpreter Iterator Mediator Memento Observer State Strategy Template method Visitor Single-serving visitor Hierarchical visitor Concurrency Action at a distance Active Object Balking pattern Double checked locking Guarded suspension Half-Sync/Half-Async Leaders/followers Monitor Object Read write lock Scheduler Thread pool Thread-Specific Storage Event handling   Architecture	Patterns Map

Short description

Design Pattern	Design	Description
Abstract Factory	Creational	Creates an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.
Adapter	Structural	Converts the interface of a class into another interface clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise because of incompatible interfaces.
Bridge	Structural	Decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.
Builder	Creational	Separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations.
Chain of Responsibility	Behavioral	Avoids coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.
Command	Behavioral	Encapsulates a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.
Composite	Structural	Compose objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.
Decorator	Structural	Attaches additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.
Extensibility	Structural	The implementation takes future growth into consideration.
Facade	Structural	Provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. Facade defines a higher-level interface that makes the subsystem easier to use.
Factory Method	Creational	Defines an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses.
Flyweight	Structural	Uses sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently.
Interpreter	Behavioral	Given a language, defines a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences in the language.
Iterator	Behavioral	Provides a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
Mediator	Behavioral	Defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. Mediator promotes loose coupling by keeping objects from referring to each other explicitly, and it lets you vary their interaction independently.
Memento	Behavioral	Without violating encapsulation, captures and externalizes an object's internal state so that the object can be restored to this state later.
Observer	Behavioral	Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
Prototype	Creational	Specifies the kinds of objects to create using a prototypical instance, and create new objects by copying this prototype.
Proxy	Structural	Provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it.
Singleton	Creational	Ensures a class only has one instance, and provide a global point of access to it.
State	Behavioral	Allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class.
Strategy	Behavioral	Defines a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.
Template Method	Behavioral	Defines the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. Template Method lets subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure.
Visitor	Behavioral	Represents an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure. Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates.

See also

• All App Labs Java Design Patterns Tutorial
• Links Harm Frielink - Pattern
• Wikipedia Patterns

Modeling

• UML

Books

• AntiPatters, by William J. Brown, Raphael C. Malveau, Hays W. McCormick III, Thomas J. Mowbray. An AntiPattern is a literary form that describes a commonly occurring solution to a problem that generates decidedly negative consequences.
• Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides.
• Head First Design Patterns by by Elisabeth Freeman, Eric Freeman, Bert Bates, Kathy Sierra.
• Java Design Patterns - A Tutorial. by James W. Cooper.
• Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code by Martin Fowler, Kent Beck, John Brant, William Opdyke, Don Roberts.

Authors

• Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is an American software engineer, best known for developing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh.
  • IBM Research, Grady
  • IBM Rational, Grady
• Martin Fawler ((born 1963) is a British software developer, author and international public speaker on software development, specializing in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including extreme programming.
  • Homepage, Marin Fawler.
• Erich Gamma (BoF) (born March 13, 1961 in Zürich) is a Swiss computer scientist and co-author of the influential software engineering textbook, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. He co-wrote the JUnit software testing framework with Kent Beck and led the design of the Eclipse platform's Java Development Tools (JDT). He also worked on the IBM Rational Jazz project.
• Richard Helm (Wikipedia.de) (BoF), ist Informatiker und Mitautor des Buches „Design Patterns – Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software“ (Entwurfsmuster), welches er gemeinsam mit Erich Gamma, Ralph Johnson und John Vlissides verfasste. Die vier Autoren werden auch als Viererbande (Gang Of Four) bezeichnet. Sie wurden 1998 mit dem Dr. Dobb's Journal Excellence in Programming Preis und 2006 mit dem AITO Dahl-Nygaard-Preis ausgezeichnet.
• Ivar Jacobson (born September 2, 1939) is a Swedish computer scientist and software engineer, known as major contributor to UML, Objectory, Rational Unified Process (RUP), aspect-oriented software development and Essence.
• Ralph Johnson (BoF) (born October 7, 1955) is a Research Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is a co-author of the influential computer science textbook Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software.
• James E. Rumbaugh (born August 22, 1947) is an American computer scientist and object-oriented methodologist who is best known for his work in creating the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
• John Vlissides (BoF) (August 2, 1961 - November 24, 2005) was a software scientist known mainly as one of the four authors (referred to as the Gang of Four) of the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Vlissides referred to himself as #4 of the Gang of Four and wouldn't have it any other way.

See also

• DZone, Design Patterns uncovered.
• cs-Helsinki Sari Laakso, User Interface Design Patterns.
• oodesign, Design Patterns
• SourceMaking, Design Patterns. Source Making is founded by Alexander Shvets. Main interest Design Pattern, Anti-Patterns, Refactoring and Modeling (UML).
• TutorialsPoint, Design Patterns.